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Dump a file in various formats (POSIX)
od [-v] [-A format] [-t fmtstr] [-N count]
[-j skip] [file]...
QNX Neutrino, Microsoft Windows
- -A format
- Display the file offset field in one of the following formats:
- d — decimal, 9 digits
- n — none (omit this field)
- o — octal, 10 digits
- x — hexadecimal, 7 digits.
The default is o.
- -j skip
- Ignore the first skip bytes of data.
You can add a trailing character to specify units of
blocks (b), kilobytes (k), or megabytes
(m).
- -N count
- Display only count bytes of input.
You can add a trailing character to specify units of
blocks (b), kilobytes (k), or megabytes
(m).
- -t format
- Display data field using this format specification; see
“Output formats,”
below.
The default format is oS.
- -v
- Be verbose.
If you don't specify the -v option, od folds
multiple identical lines into a single line that contains an asterisk
(*).
- file
- The pathname of an input file.
If you don't specify any files, od reads from standard input.
Use the od utility to display a file in various forms, including
decimal, hex, octal, and ASCII.
The name “od” (octal dump) is
derived from the default output format.
The od utility processes input in 16-byte units that
are formatted into a line. In the default output format:
- the file offset field is displayed in octal, 10 digits
- a space separates the file offset field from the data
- the data is displayed as four space-separated objects in octal
For example:
$ echo "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz01234" | od
0000000000 14430661141 15031663145 15432665151 16033667155
0000000020 16434671161 17035673165 06114075171 01215031462
0000000040
To exclude part of the input, use the -N and
-j options. You can specify the arguments to these options
in hex (using a 0x prefix) or octal (using a
0 prefix).
The default units for these options are bytes, but
you can specify different units as follows:
To specify: |
Add this suffix: |
Blocks (512 bytes) |
b |
Kilobytes (1024 bytes) |
k |
Megabytes (1048576 bytes) |
m |
To specify the output format, use the -t option. The
format argument — which you can specify in decimal, hex,
or octal — tells od which format to use
for presenting the output:
- a
- Named characters.
Display printable characters as themselves,
and nonprintable characters as a single dot (.).
- c
- Characters.
Display printable characters as themselves; display all other characters
as 2-digit hex values, except for the following:
ASCII mnemonic |
Value |
Representation |
NUL |
00 |
\0 |
<alert> |
07 |
\a |
<backspace> |
08 |
\b |
<tab> |
09 |
\t |
<newline> |
0a |
\n |
<vertical tab> |
0b |
\v |
<formfeed> |
0c |
\f |
<carriage return> |
0d |
\r |
- d[1|2|4|C|S|I|L]
- Decimal, in objects the size of an int by default.
- f[4|8|F|D|L]
- Floating point, in objects the size of an float by default.
- o[1|2|4|C|S|I|L]
- Octal, in objects the size of an int by default.
- u[1|2|4|C|S|I|L]
- Unsigned decimal, in objects the size of an int by default.
- x[1|2|4|C|S|I|L]
- Hexadecimal, in objects the size of an int by default.
The input, processed in 16-byte units formatted into a line, is displayed
according to the size you choose:
To display input as: |
Choose: |
Sixteen 1-byte objects |
1 |
Eight 2-byte objects |
2 |
Four 4-byte values per line |
4 |
Two 8-byte values per line |
8 |
char |
C |
double |
D |
float |
F |
int |
I |
long or long double (depending
on the format)
|
L |
short |
S |
Display the second to eleventh sectors of the hard disk,
/dev/hd0:
od -j 1b -N 10b /dev/hd0
- 0
- All input files were processed successfully.
- >0
- An error occurred.
hd
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