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Copy the last part of files (POSIX)
tail [-number] [-fl] [-c number | -n number] [file]...
QNX Neutrino, Microsoft Windows
- -number
- Deprecated; use -n number instead.
- -c number
- Copy the given number of bytes; see below.
- -f
- If the input file is a regular file (i.e. not a tty or FIFO),
don't terminate after the last line of the input file has been copied,
but enter a continuous loop. The tail utility then sleeps
for approximately one second, then attempts to read and copy further
bytes from the input file.
- -l
- (“el”) Measure the quantity of output in lines; this
is the default unit of measure.
Deprecated; use -n number instead.
- -n number
- Copy the given number of lines; see below.
- file
- The pathname of an input file. If you don't specify a file, the standard
input is used.
The tail utility copies its input files to the standard output,
beginning at the point in the files indicated by the -c
or -n option.
For both options, the number argument is a decimal integer whose
sign specifies the location in the file to begin copying:
If the sign is: |
Then copying starts relative to the: |
+ |
Beginning of the file |
- |
End of the file |
Omitted |
End of the file |
If you don't specify a -c or -n option,
the default is -n 10 (i.e. the last ten lines of the file).
When tail is applied to a nonseekable file (e.g. a tty),
tail must maintain an internal buffer. This buffer is large enough
to hold at least 10 lines of characters.
You can use the -f option to monitor the growth of a
file that is being written by a process. For example, the command:
tail -f fred
prints the last ten lines of the file fred, followed
by any lines that are appended to fred between the time
tail is initiated and terminated. As another example, the command:
tail -f -c 15 fred
prints the last 15 bytes of the file fred, followed by
any lines that are appended to fred between the time
tail is initiated and terminated.
- 0
- Successful completion.
- >0
- An error occurred.
cat,
head,
less,
more
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